Dark Matter: a Basic Understanding

Dark Matter: A Basic Understanding Introduction Many people, from the inquisitive, to those involved in the astronomical sciences have questioned the existence of Dark Matter. While it is called many things today, I will continue to refer to this unseen substance by its original name, Dark Matter. As it is still a theory being researched today to validate its existence and make-up, the discovery of dark matter was first presented to the world some time ago by two very intelligent astronomers. In coming to understand this matter, some of the most common questions we find ourselves asking are: What is it?And, How was it discovered? The most difficult question we all seem to face is â€Å"Does it really exist? † While quite tricky, this question is one that each of us have to conclude an answer to on our own. Therefore to start, I will address the more common questions first, and then I will provide my own answer to the question of its existence. Dark Matter: What is it? When fir st being introduced to Dark Matter, the first question we find ourselves asking is what is it? In and out of the scientific community dark matter is commonly referred to as â€Å"the source of extra gravity,† or the â€Å"mysterious form of matter that is unseen. A more refined scientific definition for dark matter is â€Å"a nonluminous, undetectable, invisible material in the universe that makes up about 70%-80% of its mass. † In short, dark matter is an unseen form of material that contains its own gravity which affects its surrounding materials; i. e. gases, stellar, and celestial bodies. With truly dedicated astronomers and cosmologists focused on the structure and composition of the cosmos, this brings me to explaining how this invisible matter called â€Å"dark matter† was discovered. Dark Matter: How Was It Discovered?In 1932 and 1933, astronomers Jan Hendrick Oort and Fritz Zwicky were the first to postulate the idea of the existence of dark matter. In studying the stellar motions of stars within the galactic plane of the Milky Way galaxy, Astronomer Jan Oort observed that the rotational velocity of stars on this outermost part of the galaxy (galactic plane) was actually increasing versus decreasing. This in itself presented a reason to question this stellar movement further since, based on Newton’s law of gravity, the rotational velocity of stars should steadily decrease the further they are from the galactic center.Oort continued his observations on stellar motions, while astronomer Fritz Zwicky carried out his studies and observations on galactic clusters and how they remained gravitationally bound. During Zwicky’s observations, here is where dark matter was discovered on a much more massive scale. Through Zwicky’s research, he found that there needed to be 10 times as much mass as observed in the form of visible light in order to keep galaxies clustered together. This observation was clear to Zwicky, as i t had been to Oort, that there was a large sum of mass existing within the cosmos that was simply â€Å"non-visible. At this point, astronomers simply referred to this material as â€Å"missing mass. † Being that the peculiar stellar movement counters Newton’s law of gravity, and occurs in the outermost part of the galaxy known as â€Å"galaxy halo’s,† both Oort and Zwicky hypothesized that this â€Å"dark matter† must exist in a spherical form that enshrouds the outermost part of galaxies, thus keeping them from flying apart. In understanding how this matter was discovered, this brings me to the final and most important question, and that is determining if it really exists.Dark Matter: Does It Really Exist? The evidence supporting the existence of dark matter today is very convincing, yet in the scientific community, it is still a theory. Giving a definite answer as to whether it exists is solely up to the individual. Despite this, astronomers ar e continuing to find more convincing information that supports the dark matter theory. For instance, an August 2012 article published in â€Å"Science News Today,† discussed evidence of dark matter filaments (fibers or threads of dark matter) discovered by astronomer Jorg Dietrich and his colleagues.Dietrich and his colleague’s x-ray observations of a pair galaxy clusters called Abell 222/223, revealed a ribbon of hot gas between the clusters. This, along with the galaxies distorted shapes and how light was bent was the first hint of the presence of dark matter. Continued observation of the galaxy clusters revealed a thick cord of invisible matter with a mass comparable to that of a small galaxy cluster. Dietrich states that gas can account for only about 9 percent of that mass, dark matter appears to make up the rest. Conclusion:In understanding that dark matter is an unseen material which contains its own gravity, the theory alone provides a unique way of understandi ng the structure of our universe. Most importantly, the work of astronomer’s Jan Oort and Fran Zwicky set the stage for astronomers to seek out and understand possible unseen forces at work within our cosmos. This is exactly what astronomer J. Deitrich and his colleague’s did. While there is a host of significant evidence supporting the theory of dark matter, Deitrich and his colleague’s evidence was eye-opening.In concluding if it actually exists, in my opinion its presence is already confirmed. Works Cited Jones, Andrew, and Daniel Robbins. â€Å"The Universe’s Dark Matter and Dark Energy, String theory for dummies. † Dummies. com. Dummies. biz. 2012. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. NASA. What is Dark Matter? Washington: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 23 Feb. 2012. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. Powell, Devin. â€Å"Dark Matter Filament Illuminated. † Science News Magazine 11 Aug. 2012: 9+. Print. White, Mark. â€Å"Rotation Curves. † Berkel ey Astronomy Department. University of California at Berkeley. 2011. Web. 15 Nov. 2012.

Holden’s depression by J.D Salinger Essay

According to Psychiatric News the depression rate of a normal 16 year old is 11.5%. Holden Caulfield was apart of that 11.5% because he is disconnected with his family, is drinking heavily and is trying to experience sexual relations with older women. In Catcher in the Rye, J.D Salinger uses Holden’s interactions with his family, alcohol and sexuality to demonstrate his depression. This story describes that with Holden’s brother, Allie passing away it makes his depression rate go higher but lowers as he ‘talks’ to him. â€Å"I felt so depressed, you can’t even imagine. What I did, I started talking, sort of out loud to Allie,†(98) said Holden. This shows that whenever Holden would feel down and depressed that the only person to go to was his brother, Allie. This was a way of comfort for Holden throughout the story. There are more incidents when Holden felt depressed and just talked to his dead brother, Allie, which is Salinger’s way to demonstrate his depression. Alcohol demonstrates Holden’s depression also. â€Å"There isn’t any nightclub in the world you can sit in for a long time unless you can at least buy some liquor and get drunk of unless you’re with some girl that really knocks you out,† said Holden which describes that with the word usage of â€Å"at least buy some liquor and get drunk† meant that for him to have a good time he would need to be drunk to have fun. Also, the words â€Å"unless you’re with some girl that really knocks you out† explains that not just being drunk at a nightclub would make him enjoy himself but just having someone to talk to would also help to get rid of the loneliness. Being alone and needing someone to talk to, links back to Holden’s depression issues. Lastly, Holden is mostly saddened by his sexual relationships with older women. Holden’s quote â€Å"don’t you feel like talking for a while†(124) , lets the reader know that he is scared and doesn’t really want to have sex with Sunny and just needed someone to talk to. Holden wanted to keep the conversation going but could not because Sunny was a prostitute and was only there for the money, not for conversation. The words â€Å"don’t you feel like†¦Ã¢â‚¬  shows that Holden is just asking questions, trying to prevent Sunny from doing her job or ignoring the real reason she was there. This shows that Holden only asked Maurice to send up a girl for him so he would have someone to talk to since he could not talk to his mom about his problems since she wasn’t around. As a result, he tries to connect with other older women instead. Salinger uses Holden’s attraction to older women to demonstrate the extent of his depression and need t o have someone to give a listening ear. Catcher in the Rye demonstrates Holden’s depression by J.D Salinger’s usage of his family, alcohol and sexuality. These quotes all show that his use of alcohol, sexual relationships and the lack of family all contributed to Holden’s depression. His is one of the many teenage depression cases that make up the 11.5% of the nation’s depression rate.

The ouster of Vikram Pandit, and what that means for big banks Research Paper

The ouster of Vikram Pandit, and what that means for big banks - Research Paper Example This paper will address Pandit’s ouster, and describe how this major event in Citigroup will influence the future operations of Citibank, as well as other banks in the same industry. Mr. Pandit took over as the bank’s CEO in 2007 when the bank was in a financial turmoil, but slightly recovered the profitability of the bank in 2010. Under Pandit’s management, much of Citi’s resources were devoted for future profitability. Expanding market to the developing countries was a prospective Pandit held (David, Suzanne, and Dan 1-2). The reasons offered for Pandit’s ouster emanate from struggles to recover from past financial crises at the bank. Mr. Pandit was forced to resign after the board of Directors at Citi bank felt that he managed the bank poorly. The board also claimed lack of appropriate communication from the CEO on vital business matters. During the tenure of Pandit, the shares of Citigroup fell by 89%, which resulted in a revolt by shareholders over his executive pay. The Federal Reserve also rejected Citigroup’s plan to purchase back stock. In addition, there was a $2.9 million write-down by Morgan Stanley, of a brokerage joint venture. All these unfortunate happenings can be numerically represented, but most probably point to poor judgment, rather than day-to-day oversight of specific business units (David 2). Michael Corbat, Pandit’s replacement, may not perform as Pandit, who was credited a well performer, who knew the positions of the bank inside out. Corbat’s strategic directions for future of the company are also still uncertain. Many challenges Corbat, as he will feel the pressure of impressing quickly, since the bank’s shareholders are now frustrated about the bank’s uncertainty. Citigroup investment bank is a potential victim of shrinkage. It is enormous, but with uneven revenue since the times of the financial crisis. This continued decline has to be addressed in order to gain stability again. Mr. Corbat will also have to deal with the â€Å"black box† reputation of the bank. Observations show that the bank’s disclosures are not as comprehensive as those of other banks are. In order to regain the confidence of investors, Corbat has to tackle this issue also. Consumers should expect to feel the difference between Citi managed by Pandit, and Citi managed by Michael Corbat, Pandit’s successor. This kind of transition at Citi may not positively influence on the financial health of the US banking industry, and the general US economy. This is because Citi is a bank that has been considered ‘important’ by the regulators, amid financial crisis. It is a troubled bank, and still struggles to gain stability. Pandit was a CEO that had set out to turn around the case of Citi bank, and ensure its total economic recovery. However, by firing such a dedicated CEO, Citi bank risks continued vulnerability to financial crises. The shareholde rs of Citi bank continue to be adversely affected by the bank’s prolonged stagnation in financial instability. However, more parties will feel the pinch of this as it will affect the whole banking industry as well as the national economy. Citi is in the process of repairing its balance sheet, it is then expected that it will cut down on customer lending, in a bid to save more. Its customers will not access

Exclusive Styles Ladies Boutique Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Exclusive Styles Ladies Boutique - Term Paper Example SWOT analysis (alternately SLOT analysis) refers to a method of strategic planning for the evaluation of Strengths, Weaknesses/Limitations, Opportunities, and Threats that are present in a business venture or a project (Humphrey, Albert, 2005). The SWOT analysis for the Exclusive Style Boutique is as follows: Strengths The boutique will have ‘hit-the-trend’ style clothes which will be a big attraction and will present wide variety to the trendy and contemporary style women. The clothes will be affordable and easily accessible to the women across the globe. The clothe range will be diverse with various choices and different fabrics in the product line. Moreover, additional services like salon, cafe and lounges will be available which will successfully position the boutique in the minds of consumers and will build its brand image. Weaknesses Some of the weaknesses that the boutique may face might include the difficulty to manage the product lines, big staff and the store s pace. It may incur high management costs and difficulties in the management of customer services. The growing popularity of the store would require the management to maintain the presentation of its interior and manage the uniqueness of product, style, and fabric. Opportunities The external environment of Exclusive Styles would provide it good opportunities to avail. For instance, it has been a trend that the young population spends more; therefore, the major target population will be young ladies or the working class who prefer to look and wear well every day. In order to create brand attachment and fame, the store will have a good opportunity to get the brands advertised and endorsed through celebrities. Furthermore, the option of choice,... Regarding the tough market competition, the owner of a small boutique mentioned various designers that have already captured the market and have maintained their own customer bases. They have already positioned them so much in the minds of the customers that it becomes difficult for a new business venture in the same industry to deal with the cutthroat rivalry. Besides all other factors, the market conditions, according to her, present an uncertain climate. There is the recession, variations in exchange rates, laws and regulations of trading, higher expenditures, persistently growing inflation and many other factors which may hinder the progress of a business. Not only may this, but a new business struggling to expand and diversify become difficult to be managed and controlled in terms of its scope and human resource base. Thus, the general opinion given by the boutique’s owner stated that the new business ventures in the industry need to be more competitive and challenging in order to cope up with the existing and the upcoming market conditions. After interviewing the owner, one of the employees from the same boutique was enquired about the work management and the viewpoints. According to her, the customers exhibit a good behavior when they are treated with concentration and are given extra services. For a new business venture to be successful, especially a boutique, it is essential that the employees are kept satisfied with good quality products, better after sale services.

Analysis of Innovation at Panasonic Research Paper

Analysis of Innovation at Panasonic - Research Paper Example It promotes a very environmentally friendly image which is a positive and helpful point in promotional activities (Forbes, 2011; Panasonic Website, 2011). When discussing the company’s rich profile of successful products even in today’s competitive world with equally good competitors like Sony, Samsung, Toshiba and Canon, Panasonic has been a very technologically sound and growing firm with consistent improvement and innovation in its products. Panasonic owes much of its success to it Research and Development Centre which has helped it in creating technology oriented products that were a success. Some of these products include SD Memory cards and DVDs. Their Usability Centers established all over the world ensure that the products features and functionality is perfectly in line with the expectations of the company and the consumer. With the help of these, the products that are sold to the final user are competitive and successful in terms of their usage. Panasonic has b een successful at gauging consumer insight and boosting sales due to its impressive technological advancements, producing products that amaze consumers and competitors in the technological industry (Panasonic Annual Report, 2011; Panasonic Website, 2011). ... Panasonic wants to reduce wastage and increase efficiency in its processes. It wants to reduce its costs and believes that recycling products will bring an environmental protection to the world as a whole. Panasonic is showing its initiatives that it has taken for its â€Å"Green Business Innovation† for conservation of energy and efficiently utilizing resources available. Panasonic wants to convert most of this world into a 3D phenomenon which includes personal and professional lives of people. The company has set up a Panasonic Booth for showcasing its plans for becoming the best Green Business Innovator by 2018. The booth constitutes of an Eco Corner which emphasizes on the creation of solutions based on energy conservation usage and storage. The ultimate goal of the eco corner is to promote a lifestyle which is ‘greener’. The Panasonic booth also has a 3D HD presentation wall that airs the full line of products of Panasonic which are 3D solutions, and appear t o be a great experience for those who visit. There is also a Digital Imagery corner and Television Internet service providers followed by a Home theatre corner, AV Solutions and Energy Solutions Zone, all promoting Green Business Innovation. The company’s Annual Report 2011 has shown a steady increase in its Sales all over the world owing to the cutting edge technology usage and its effective promotion. The company was involved in aggressive selling throughout the year and made its way because of its latest digital AVC Networks that constitute of the latest technology products such as camcorders, digital cameras, DVDs, Blue ray technology and other recording/storage items.

To What Extent Do Middle Eastern States Have the Capacity to Develop Essay

To What Extent Do Middle Eastern States Have the Capacity to Develop Civilian Nuclear Power Programs And Would This Development Encourage Regional Cooperation - Essay Example This report stresses that the International Atomic Energy Agency is the organization accorded the mandate to monitor countries utilising nuclear energy. In an article written in the New York Times, it is stated that a thin line exists between civilian and military nuclear programs. Thus, in the light of this knowledge, this paper seeks to examine the extent to which, Middle Eastern nations have the capacity to develop nuclear power programs. By examining their capacity, the paper will in turn evaluate whether regional cooperation can be encouraged by this development. This paper makes a conclusion that the Middle East countries are seeking ways to finance their programs through various means such as public-private partnerships. Management of fuel has been a hindrance in most civilian nuclear power programs in the Middle East because most countries have not created regulatory measures on fuel acquisition, storage of used fuel or even its disposal. The Middle East as a region lacks the local manpower for its nuclear power programs. Their reliance on outsourced human resource is cannot be sustained. In terms of international cooperation, countries in the Middle East are doing well based on the agreements they are signatories to. The development of civilian nuclear power programs in the Middle East will encourage regional cooperation through sharing of nuclear experiences and technology as countries in the Middle East are at various levels of their programs.

Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Questions - Essay Example If an artist is able to manage an analysis of bulk information, they are capable of inserting hugely valuable inclinations and breakthroughs. As a result, artists are able to actively secure their artworks in an appealing prospect for data security. Many artists certainly collect numerous bits of data with the usage of security gadgets. Their information can be secured through valuable inclinations and breakthroughs attached to their switches, internet connecting routers and data flow devices in an infinite manner (Vaidhyanathan 83). The first amendment and the right freedom of speech do not exist in absolute and unchallengeable senses. This is because reflection about liberation of speech on constitution day highlighted the protection of free speech by the first amendment (Vaidhyanathan 117). More precisely, free speech has been described as the communication conveyed into the market of concepts. These ideas have to have the authority to permit individuals on making decisions based on what is believed to be morally correct and incorrect. Therefore, I concur with the laws that forbid the criteria for harmful speech as referenced in the course book. The inherent dignity and equality of each person is the cornerstone axiom of global human rights. Global regulations restrict declarations that deny the fairness among all human beings. Hate speech laws form part of the regulations that go far enough in the criteria of hatred it is supposed to cover (Vaidhyanathan

Small business use of electronic commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Small business use of electronic commerce - Essay Example In an environment in which time is precious the advantage to the consumer is undeniable. Not only that, but the concept can reduce costs too. For instance, Pea Pod that stores the goods which a customer wants can sort and pack these goods considerably more efficiently than the store and can be located out of town in an industrial park or other area where cheap rents are available. Moreover, staffing requirements are lower, the incidence of in-store theft is reduced, and the hours of operation can be extended. For small business companies like KOA MART, the opportunities of Internet-based commerce seem considerable, but few companies have yet succeeded in exploiting them profitably. Such success is dependent on acquiring an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of the Internet and matching these with the characteristics of existing products or services. In contrast to Pea Pod, KOA MART proposes better catalogues and more vivid visual representation of its products. It is easy to find a product and its price. Pea Pod has poor design and simpler structure; it is difficult to navigate and use this site. The majority of sites linked to "small business +electronic commerce" are devoted to potential online resources and analysis of the market opportunities. Some of the sites propose technical assistance for small business while others highlight the main trends and e-news about developments within the industry. This information can also be used by small business organizations that want to sell as well as buy (Demery, 2007). Small business companies may see that competitor's price reduction appeals only to a certain type of customer (those, for example, who have easy access to the competitor's products; in other words, the discount is not sufficient to attract customers who do not have this access). In this case, proposal would be to restrict their own price reduction so that it applies only to those customers who have easy access to the competitor products. By doing this, they can minimize the impact of competitor's actions on overall margins (Demery, 2007). Thus companies may identify that if one of competitors reduces the price of a product, volume of sales will go down; if companies reduce price at the same time, volume of sales will remain static (assuming that companies also match competitor's price promotion or other marketing tactics). One of the key characteristics of the goods and services that are capable of being traded successfully on the Internet, therefore, is that they are recognized and understood by the consumer (Howlett, 2007). This means either that they must have a strong brand (so that the consumer knows what to expect) or that the goods must be of such a nature that the consumer knows what they will receive. There are many thousands of sites on the Internet, which makes it considerably more competitive than local shopping mall or high street. Getting people to enter a site is as difficult as, if not more difficult than, getting people to purchase goods from a retailer (Howlett, 2007). The Internet did not level the playing field between large and small businesses because large companies receive great opportunities to reduce prices and tattract global target audiences. While one of the major advantages offered by the Internet is that - as a manufacturer, for example - a small company no longer has to do battle with retailers and competitors to obtain the

Few Major Brands of Kellogg Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Few Major Brands of Kellogg Company - Essay Example The case study is based on the analysis of marketing mix for Kellogg Company. The marketing mix is an essential business tool used by organizations to determine a product or brand offer. It is normally associated with price, product, placement, and promotion of any organization. These elements help marketers to create the market strategies and positioning of the company. The first element, product, helps a company to understand that how their offering meets the changing needs of customers. The price charged by any company is an important element to assess the sales of the products and place denotes the availability of the product. The last element, promotion, is very important to understand various ways of the positioning of the product (Borden, 1964). Marketing mix of Kellogg Company will help them to plan their marketing strategies and resource allocation (Vignali, 2001). Product: The products of Kellogg’s can be classified as convenience products. Convenience products are those which are purchased by consumers without much consideration. Most of them are low priced, easily available and frequently parched products (Vignali, 2001). Developing new product is extremely risky and expensive procedure for any business. To develop a new product, the company needs to assess the rapidly changing market and they need to predict the changing needs of customers (Annacchino, 2003). The Kellogg Company is very successful in developing any new product since its inception. Their first established product in the market was cornflakes and it helped them to attain the highest market share in the cereal market. Consumers generally purchase their product easily as the company holds a reputation for providing good quality products. Their existing products are very popular and generate a huge profit for the company. This financial gain helps them to invest in the de velopment of new products and sell them at low price as the cost is covered by the profit.

Los Vendidos by Luis Valdez Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Los Vendidos by Luis Valdez - Research Paper Example It is clear from the study that in his play Luis Valdez highlights racism, social injustice, stereotyping and corruption of social identity as key problems faced by the Mexican and Mexican- American groups. The perpetrators are the Americans. The Mexican stereotypes are not accepted by the American society thus face constant disapproval and discrimination. This case is demonstrated by the proceedings of the secretary-Miss Jimenez who goes to buy a â€Å"brown-skinned† robot that has a Mexican appeal. However, she focuses on a model that is likely to be accepted by the American society for having certain characteristics such as the English speaking ability, sophistication and hard-working. The secretary highlights these characteristics as the ideal representation of the American. These characteristics are completely opposite to those associated with Mexicans or Mexicans-Americans. They are known as lazy, stupid and illiterate. As much as the Americans are blamed for these acts against the community having Mexicans roots, they are also to blame for its spread. The shop owner and the secretary have Mexican roots but instead, continue to stick to the stereotypes set by the Americans. This proves to a certain point that they are also inclined to believe it is the actual case with people of Mexican roots. The author focuses much on the effects of the Americans in perpetrating this kind of discrimination while also failing to recognize the role played by the Mexicans and the Mexican-American society. While buying the models Miss Jimenez- a Latina, but she play-acts as an American, and for that matter she is inclined or rather believes that products made in the U.S.A are way better. In fact she wishes to buy a Mexican-American product only made in the USA are because they thought to be of better quality than those made by Mexicans. After going past a Mexican a revolutionist, a pachuco, a farmworker and a college-educated Mexican-American, the secretary decides t o take the last one. She buys the model, but just after making the monetary disbursement he acts in an unforeseen way. Terrified, she leaves the model shop without taking the merchandise she had bought (Valdez, 1995). This explains that she had conflicts with how the office would like her purchase. Perhaps it would not please them enough. This shows that the Latinos have to great extent become subject to enabling the spread of this stereotyping. The author does not dwell much on it though it is an indispensable part of the play. It is very notable. Until this instant in the text â€Å"Los Vendidos†the reader can see the diverse stereotypes about Latinos themselves, comprising those who act as if they are not Latinos like the secretary. If the play ended at that point, it would be anassessment on the relationships based on stereotypes. However, Luis Valdez goes ahead and displays the set of Latinos who act like robots distributing the money they had got from the secretary and seeingas stupid those people who

The conscience is the voice of reason Essay Example for Free

The conscience is the voice of reason Essay Critically assess the claim that conscience is the voice of reason. [35] The origin of the conscience is much debated by both secular and religious beliefs. One may insist that the conscience is the voice of reason and this can be supported by Aquinas’ belief in the recta ratio. One may however discuss that the conscience is the voice of God, supported b y the Butler and Newman, or is influenced mainly by society, parents or authority figures, usually supported by secular views. This essay will critically asses these claims. Aquinas believed that the conscience is the right reason (recta ration) and this reason is central to moral life to aid the conscience in choosing right from wrong. If man can use reason correctly, in line with the conscience, then it can help us to understand what it is God sees as good. We must use reason to what is good as some may perform bad actions due to faulty reasoning and thus commit sins; for example this is seen in the event of the man who slept with another man’s wife believing that is was his own wife and thus did not believe he was committing a sin. As this is faulty reasoning, the conscientia helps to distinguish between right and wrong. Along with the Synderesis rate it is vital for making moral decisions. Aquinas states that the conscience is the voice of reason as it enables man to fully assess good actions before taking them. Others if religious belief may argue that the conscience is the voice of God rather than the voice of reason. Both Newman and Butler argue that the conscience is the actual voice of God and thus makes us different from animals. As the conscience is seen as God-given, it is understandable for one to also believe that it must be his voice, and that by following our conscience we are effectively following divine law. Believing this, Newman went on to say that man must also use reason to enable man to decide what God’s voice guides man towards. For Newman, God’s voice gives moral direction and for us to recognise the goodness of the Pope’s teachings, we must recognise this if from both his understanding of Biblical teachings and his understanding of the voice of God: ‘I toast the Pope, but I toast the conscience first’. Newman’s reasoning to believe that the conscience is the voice of God outweighs the belief that it is purely the voice of reason and consequently disagrees with the beginning statement. To reason and rationalise makes man different from animals and thus one may argue that the conscience is the voice of this reason, however Butler believes that it is the voice of God which man must then apply reason to. As the ultimate authority in moral judgements, one may argue that it must be given that it must be given by the ultimate authority in the universe: God. It is ‘our natural guide, the guide assigned to us by the author of our nature’ that author is God and his voice will guide man to make the right decisions. For instance as man is motivated by both self-love and benevolence, as a benevolent God He will guide man away from selfish love and towards a benevolent society that will ultimately focus on happiness. As God’s purpose for man is to reach eudemonia it is understandable why Butler and Newman may believe that it is God’s voice that guides us towards this through the conscience. A secular approach may deny Aquinas’ belief that the conscience is the voice of reason (given by God) and Newman/Butler’s belief that it is the voice of God. For thinkers like Fromm, Freud and Piaget the conscience is instilled by society, authority figures and parents. Fromm believed that the society and authority around us from a young age, influences man to believe that if society accepts/denies something then this is likely to be right/wrong; this is the authoritarian conscience. Like Piaget, Fromm believed that this influence of beliefs and morals will be internalised over time. Piaget and Kohlberg believed that it is the authority figures in our life, most specifically our parents, which will influence the morals of our conscience. Between the ages of 5 and 10 our conscience is still immature and under the influence of our parents, to shows us the punishments for rules being broken; Heteronomous. From the age of 10 we gain Autonomous morality, as this initial teaching of morals and influence of the conscience is replaced with the child developing their own understanding of morals. It is clear that the ‘voice of reason’ in the conscience is in fact the voice of authority figures in society, and the voice of our parents prescribing their beliefs onto their children, therefore Fromm, Piaget ad Kohlberg disagree with the statement. Rather than parents and authority figures dictating the morals of man, under Piaget and Fromm, Freud argues that the conscience is the product of the mind that will be influenced by the values of the society they live in. Man’s personality is made from the Super-ego, ego and the id; the super-ego specifically sets moral codes that are given by outside influences. This understanding of the conscience rejects the idea that the conscience is the voice of reason but rather the implementation of a variety of outside secular influences, ranging from parents and teachers to society as a whole. If societies hold different morals, then the use of reasoning (given by God) cannot be implemented universally as this is proven to be insufficient. Though all of mankind possess reason it is the influences of outside agencies that allows man to use the ‘conscience’ in line with what they have been taught as right and wrong; therefore it cannot be the voice of reason. By discussing Aquinas’ support for claiming that the conscience is the voice of reason and analysing it with the concept of the conscience being the voice of God, viewed by Newman and Butler, and the concept that it is instilled by society, viewed mainly by those of secular beliefs. From this one may finally come to the conclusion that the conscience is not the voice of reason. Although it is still much debated, it is clear through history that society and authority figures play a major role in deciding what is morally right or wrong. In addition to Fromm’s authoritarian conscience there is the negative authoritarian conscience that misleads groups of people into doing sinful things; for example the Rwanda genocide in 1994. If all mankind posses reason how can one truly believe that the killing of innocents is the best thing for society.

The Kite Runner Essay Example for Free

The Kite Runner Essay When one makes the transition from child to adult, they must make the decision to either adopt the traits they have developed, or to see fault and change the problems before the time to do so has past. It takes strength to use the positive traits one possesses, and it takes even more strength to assess the negative traits and emancipate the positive ones. Alan Alda (American actor) once said that â€Å"You have to leave the city of your comfort and go into the wilderness of your intuition. What youll discover will be wonderful. What youll discover is yourself. † Before death, a person needs to break their boundaries, and find the security of knowing their identity, otherwise one could go through an entire life, learning all they could about life; but forgetting all about their self. Another key factor influencing our personality is our environment. A society constantly changing for the worse is no place for a person to grow or reside. In Khaled Hosseini’s â€Å"the Kite Runner†, Afghanistan is a place of ethnic differentiation, civil war and darkness. Amir, Baba, and Hassan’s identities, are all examples of different ways a person’s personality and conscience could develop in this oppressive time in Afghanistan’s history. Amir finds peace in who he is through great mental anguish and dangerous decisions, Baba’s weak traits are discovered, and Hassan manages to preserve his Good Samaritan lifestyle whilst fighting off the turmoil’s of being a Hazara boy. The Kite Runner focuses mainly on the themes of identity and self-actualization. Amir from the beginning of the novel was never perfect in the eyes of his father, Baba. During Rahim Khans visit early in the story, Amir overhears Baba speaking about how Amir is weak and disappointing, that â€Å"a boy who cannot stand up for himself becomes a man who cannot stand up for anything. †(24) This is an important quote, because it first introduces Amir’s most dominant trait through his childhood, his cowardice. Baba’s reluctance to praise Amir stems from Baba’s disbelief in his courage. Amir quite often was defended by Hassan in times of trouble, whether the cause was Assef or not. Then when it was Hassan who was in need, Amir was over shrouded by his fear. Amir had felt guilt until his arrival in Pakistan. â€Å"â€Å"That was a long time ago, but it’s wrong what they say about the past, I’ve learned, about how you can bury it. Because the past claws its way out. Looking back now, I realize I have been peeking into that deserted alley for the last twenty-six years. † (1) Amir made the decision to save Sohrab from the Taliban (Assef) was the moment in his life, where he finally felt at peace. Saving Sohrab was his way of gaining up the courage to save Hassan. After the rescue of Sohrab, Amir’s conscience had cleared and he could finally live his life. Amir’s passion for literature was another example of his self-actualization. He would always read to Hassan, due to Hassan’s illiteracy. Amir wished in the future to pursue a degree in English, but this idea was hastily dismissed by Baba and Amir began growing to a man with even less confidence. Amir pondered the thoughts of his father resenting him, which at a young age is a terrible burden for him to hold. The evidence of this hate was displayed in Amir’s face, and as a young child, he is not intelligent enough to realize his father’s love, and it bothered him greatly. Rahim Khan seemed to be the only adult in Amir’s life who supported the idea of his future in literature. He would read, and show great interest in Amir’s story’s; as well as instill hope in Amir with positive feedback. Rahim Khan was the spark that ignited the ever burning flame of Amir’s literary passion. To the reader early on, Baba is the epitome of a man. He is introduced as a man that will stand up for his loved ones, whether it’s a life or death situation. He speaks of Amir like he has no courage whatsoever, which gives the reader some idea of how much Baba values doing the right thing. When Baba and Amir flee Kabul, Baba risks his life to prevent the rape of a woman he doesn’t even know. This drastic act of courage and compassion for his fellow man is inspiring and sets the moral bar for Baba very high. When Amir arrives in Pakistan, he is distraught at the news he hears from Rahim Khan regarding Hassan being his half-brother and Baba’s son. Amir now knows, that the pain he felt from Baba’s resentment was purely a byproduct of the pain Baba feels about Hassan. Baba’s character takes a moral blow in the view of the reader, and to many it never recovers. After hearing of the news, Amir’s betrayal of Hassan is now very reminiscent of his father’s; showing more similarity between them than known before. Amir now knows, Baba’s resentment, was him showing he is too weak to be known as the man who slept with a Hazara. Baba tells Amir in chapter 3 that â€Å"there is only one sin, only one. And that is theft. Every other sin is a variation of theft. †(19) it’s ironic that Baba says this because he stole Ali’s honor, Amir’s right to a brother, and Hassan’s identity. While all the drastic self-realization of the characters was taking place, Hassan, managed to keep his same and ideal identity. Hassan was righteous and strong, the ideal symbol of the Muslim Religion and every other; to be pure and good. Amir’s resentment towards Hassan after his rape by Assef did not faze Hassan a bit. Hassan was almost too pure to feel any remorse towards Amir, they grew up together, and Amir was his best friend. Even after Amir had lied to Baba to expel Ali and Hassan from their home, Hassan felt no different towards them. He cared for their home while they resided in America; he even stayed in his and Ali’s same hut rather than the house to show respect. His loyalties to Amir and Baba stayed faithful until his death in the very home that he was practically raised in. He said he was caring for it for a friend, and the Taliban called him a liar like all Hazara’s, and killed him in the streets, as well as his wife. Amir might have made different choices in his life had he not plotted to make Hassan and Ali leave, but amidst the cowardice shown by both Amir and Baba, appeared a boy with the morals of an angel. No one can live life without realizing their true identity, and as the story ends; the characters take with them new traits, good or bad. Amir realizes his purpose in life, and he saved a life in the process of discovery of his own identity. Baba is reviled to be similar to a great dam with a crack, viewed as great and powerful, but in turn; the final view of him is weaker than the original opinion of the reader. Hassan through turmoil, conflict, and resentment, stayed true to himself and stayed loyal till his death. One could learn all there is to know, but without knowing their true identity, it is a life not lived.

The Rethinking Of Public Spaces Cultural Studies Essay

The Rethinking Of Public Spaces Cultural Studies Essay Public Space seems like an obvious and straightforward term, denoting areas where anyone-the public- might go. Yet we use the term not so much to signify everything that is not private space; we use it to imply space that has been deliberately created as a public amenity, space that has some deliberate public use, be it ceremony, recreation, celebration, or commerce. Public space, in this sense, is functional. Understanding of public spaces, which is focused on the making of places for people. Moreover, it focuses on design as the process of making better places for people than would otherwise be produced. This definition asserts the importance of four themes; First, it stresses that design is for and about people. Second, it emphasises the value and significance of place. Third, it recognises that design operates in the real world, with its field of opportunities constrained and bounded by economic (market) and political (regulatory) forces. Fourth. It asserts the importance of design as a process. Peter Buchanan argued that urban design was essentially about place making, where places are not just a specific space, but all the activities and events that make it possible. The report demonstrates how a strategic approach can be developed to channel resources in a coherent way to transform the built environment. It shows how uncluttered and joined up public spaces can be built to promote civic values and commercial competitiveness, and how public space can bring people together for a positive, shared experience of urban living. Public spaces are those that derive a unique identity from the buildings, structures, and landscaping that encloses them and gives them form. Their identity is also derived from the people that occupy the buildings and spaces and the uses they put to them to. These spaces are of various shapes, sizes and functions. They often include trees and other landscaping, but crucially they are all an integral part of the built form of the city. They perform an architectural function because they relate to surrounding buildings through their design and use. As building density increases so too does the need for public open space and the need for considerate neighbours. Public spaces can provide visual relief and recreational open space with a density developed area, and it can also serve to promote standards in public behaviour. If people are to be aware of the complexity and variety of the society they are a part of, and if they are to appreciate notions of civic identity and respect for others, there must be a place where they can occasionally see and experience a diverse cross section of that society. When people can actively participate in life within the public realm, they learn how to conduct themselves within it. This is especially important for developing ideas about citizenship. By simply standing in a lively public space, where different age groups and different members of society are gathered together, there is a shared experience that evokes a positive sense of participation. If the design, implementation, and management of new public spaces are undertaken through a partnership approach that engages with local people, urban character and social cohesion can be strengthened. These spaces can then contribute to a richer mix of facilities that attract both local people and visitors, and can help to make a city more competitive in attracting mobile investment within the global marketplace. It is helpful to understand why these spaces have been developed by different communities through history, and to establish the demands that these spaces have been expected to satisfy. Historical analysis can help to establish a theme that such spaces have been developed to address through the ages, such as the need to provide a population with a place for festivals or with a symbolic focal point that reinforces their collective identity. An understanding of the past can often inform the present and indicate how the future mite unfolds. The people and markets in these vast urban areas are interconnected as never before, especially due to advances in information technology. The spread and mixing of peoples has resulted in cities with people from a variety of ethnic backgrounds, ideologies, faiths, and income groups. The results have led to diversity and opportunity but also to tension and fear. A degree of acceptance between people has been necessary for peaceful coexistence in many cultural diverse urban areas. Perhaps a notion that we have more in common than separating us has supported this. It is often peoples identification with a city itself that helps to serve as a bridge between cultural differences. This can be seen in Beirut in Lebanon, where reconstruction works are providing new public places that are bringing together people who are previously separated by civil war. Such places reinforce a collective identity and sense of belonging throughout a diverse urban population. The design of public space is especially important in bringing people together and in creating a shared experience of a city. I write about the influence of public space on the cultural life and values of urban society. How well used public spaces can strengthen the collective consciousness of the urban population. The characters of such spaces are made up of the following design aspects: Character: a place with its own identity Continuity and enclosure: a place where public and private spaces are clearly distinguished Quality of the public reclaim: a place with attractive and successful outdoor areas (i.e. areas which are valued by people who use them or pass through them) Ease of movement: a place that is easy to get to and move through Legibility: a place that has clear image and is easy to understand Adaptability: a place that can change easily Diversity: a place with variety and choice The analysis can begin to show how spaces can be developed to model all of these aspects, especially because they contain intensive interactions between people, buildings, and surroundings. GLOBALIZATION AND INCREASED DIVERSITY: With increasing globalization this trend has intensified. Two countervailing processes are occurring. Large numbers of people are moving from developing countries to more developed regions to obtain better jobs and education and increasingly use the public spaces of the city. Yet while the macro environment is becoming more diverse because of increased flows of immigrants, differences in local population growth rates, local environments are experiencing increased vernacularization and homogeneity immigrant enclaves are growing in the city, and gated communities are developing in the suburbs and edge cities. One way, is to make sure that our urban parks, beaches, and heritage sites those large urban spaces where we all come together remain public, in the sense of providing a place for everyone to relax, learn, and recreate. CULTURAL DIVERSITY IS GOOD FOR: Ulf Hannerz (1996) suggests that the value of diversity is so entrenched in the contemporary discourse about culture that it is difficult to reflect clearly on it. So he offers what he calls his seven arguments for diversity to make the point that there are many basic reasons to consider cultural diversity important to our lives. He includes many of the points, arguing that cultural diversity is important because it provides: The moral right to ones culture, including ones cultural heritage and cultural identity; The ecological advantage of different orientations and adaptions to limited environmental resources; A form of cultural resistance to political and economic domination by elites and power asymmetries and a way to counteract relations of dependency; The aesthetic sense and pleasurable experience of different worldviews, ways of thinking, and of other cultures in their own rights; The possibility of confrontation between cultures that can generate new cultural processes; A source of creativity; and A fund of tested knowledge about ways of going about things. (Hannerz 1996, 56-57) Attention to cultural diversity also leads to community empowerment, expanded citizenship, and the involvement of people in the governance and maintenance of their neighbourhoods and workplaces. It expands the notion of individual rights of citizenship to include the survival of ones culture and/or cultural group, and the marking of its importance in the landscape. Also to add that creativity from cultural contact and interaction flows from cooperation as well as from working out solutions to conflicts and confrontation. Therefore, cultural diversity utilized effectively and honestly, leads to more democratic practises and peaceful relationships between people within a locality especially if all groups are treated equally with respect for their needs, desires, and adequate space and resources for work, home, and recreation. VALUE AND NATURE OF PUBLIC SPACES: Public space is the stage upon which the drama of communal life unfolds. The streets, squares, and parks of a city give form to the ebb and flow of human exchange. These dynamic spaces are an essential counterpart to the settled places and routines of work and home life, providing the channels for movement, the nodes of communication, and the common grounds for play and relaxation. There are pressing needs that public space can help people to satisfy, significant human rights that can be shaped to define and protect, and special cultural meanings that it can best convey. These themes to be explored and developed in this report, reveal the value of public space and lay the groundwork for improved design and encourage interactions. In all communal life there is a dynamic balance between public and private activities. Within this balance, different cultures place differing emphases on public space. How public spaces can be made to serve human needs, from passive relaxation, through active engagement with others, to discovery of unknown worlds. Public space will be seen to convey meanings, from those that reinforce personal and group life to those that challenge the accepted world view of the culture and open the mind to new insights. There are three primary values that guide the development of our perspective: we believe that public places should be responsive, democratic, and meaningful. Responsive spaces are those that are designed and managed to serve the needs of their users. The primary needs that people seek to satisfy in public space are those for comfort, relaxation, active and passive enagement, and discovery. Relaxation provides relief from the stresses of daily life and both active and passive engagement with others promote individual well-being and community. Public spaces can also be a setting for physically and mentally rewarding activity, such as exercise, gardening, or conversation. It can be a place for discovery of self or others, a step into the larger world. Visual and physical contact with nature and plants can also result in important health and restoration benefits for people. Democratic spaces protects the rights of user groups. They are accessible to all groups and provide for freedom of action but also for temporary claim and ownership.A public space can be a place to act more freely than when under constraints of home or workplace. In most settings one can temporarily lay claim to a piece of turf even when one does not own it. Ultimately, public space can be changed by public action, because it is owned by all. In such spaces, people learn to live together. Meaningful spaces are those that allow people to make strong connection between the place, their personal lives, and the larger world. They relate to their physical and social context. These connections may be to ones own history or future, to a valued group, to ones culture or relevant history, to biological and psychological realities, or even to other worlds. A continuously used public space with its many memories can help anchor ones sense of personal continuity in a rapidly changing world. By the build-up of overlapping memories of individual and shared experience, a place becomes sacred to a community. These values can incorporate the public space motivations. For instance, they define public interaction. visual and environmental motives come into play in satisfying peoples need for active engagement , discovery, and meaning. Public space values must grow out of an understanding of why people got o such spaces, how they actually use them, and what they mean to their users overtime. The existence of some form of public life is a prerequisite to the development of public spaces. Although every society has some mixture of public and private, the emphasis given to each one and the values they express help to explain the differences across settings, across cultures, and across times. The public spaces created by societies serve as a mirror of their public and private values as can be seen in the Greek agora, the roman forum, the new England common, and the contemporary plaza, as well as Canalettos scene of Venice. Throughout history, communities have developed public spaces that support their needs, whether these are markets, places for sacred celebrations, or sites for local rituals. Public spaces often come to symbolize the community and the larger society or culture in which it exists. Although there are vast differences in the forms of communal life across societies, public life has been an integral part of the formation and continuation of social groups. Public places afford casual encounters in the course of daily life that can bind people together and give their lives meaning and power. It also offers relief from the stresses of work, providing opportunities for relaxation, entertainment, and social contact. People can discover new things and learn from others. It has the potential of bringing diverse groups together so that they learn from each other, perhaps the richest quality of a multiclass, multicultural, heterogeneous society. It also serves as a social binder on the scale of a groups history and culture. We can take encouragement from the increasing consciousness of the value of positive public life experience and the efforts of many to ensure that such opportunities continue and increase. Many recent events have fostered their awareness the consumer movement, the work of public space activists, and the advocates for parks, local gardens, and other community spaces. It leads to increased beneficial contacts between different cultural groups and greater tolerance and understanding is much to be desired. It is towards a rich, diverse, and open public life that we should be striving. EVOLVING PUBLIC SPACE: Against the historical backdrop of public life, public spaces have arisen out of many different forces. Some were the consequences of the creeping encroachment of a society bent on finishing and filling up spaces, especially in urban areas. Some were the products of heterogeneous society with many different needs, interests, and aesthetics. Others were products of a desire for careful planning, whatever the priorities guiding their forms and functions. I define public spaces as open, publicly accessible places where people go for group or individual activities. While public spaces can take many forms and may assume various names such as plazas, malls, and playgrounds, they all share common ingredients. They are formed by at least two different processes. Some have developed naturally that is an ad hoc way without deliberate planning through appropriation, by repeated use in a particular way, or by the concentration of people because of an attraction. Each of these results in a plac e that accommodates people for specific purpose and becomes, over time, a site that people rely on to meet, relax or interact. These spaces also enable people to connect with others, to affiliate in some way with other people. Some users may seek specific activities hoping or certain that they will be available in a site. These may be bicyclers going to use paths in parks, people going to the beach to sun or swim, or the elderly in search of a bench. The intensity and nature of the activity may vary but there is an expectation that specific experiences will be possible in the place and that particular resources will be available. PUBLIC SPACE MEANINGS AND CONNECTIONS: People need links to the world, and some are provided by the spaces they inhabit and the activities occurring within these spaces. Public spaces experiences yield meanings that accrue over time, and if these are positive meanings they will lead to connections that go beyond the immediate experience of a setting. Links are established between that place and the life of an individual, links to a valued group, to a whole culture and its history, economics, and politics, or symbolically to the universe or other worlds through a persons biological and psychological reality, through nature, through growth. a interactive place is on which, in some way appropriate to the person and her culture, makes her aware of her community, her past, the web of life, and the universe of time and space in which these are contained. In order for people to see some positive meaning in a place it must resonate with their lives and evoke patterns of use that create bonds with the space. If people see possibilities and share goals with others, their connections to that place will be enhanced. The site will be an evocative one, a place that resounds with the memories and experiences of an individual, a family, a group, or a culture in ways that connect each one to a larger entity, a group memory, or experience. While important connections can derive from an individuals personal history, they may also stem from the history of a group from an area where connections to other members enhance and shape the experience of a place. Spatial identity is largely a product of social relationships with others. These others may be loosely affiliated groups or cultural, sub cultural, or national ones. Public space meanings develop when people are able to form root in an area, when settings become important parts of their lives. This occurs when space are well suited to their surroundings both physically and socially, when they support the kinds of activities users desire, and when they engender feelings of comfort, safety, and connections to other people. Individual connections emerge in a number of ways from a persons life and personal experience, from a tradition of use of an area, and from special events in a place. These bonds are enhanced by the presence of natural elements and design features suggesting connections to the larger universe. BOOKS: WEBSITES: Lownsbrough,H. Beunderman,J. (2007).  Equally Spaced? Public space and interaction between diverse communities.  Available: http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=enq=The+authors+of+the+report+would+like+to+thank+the+Commission+for+Racial+Equality+for+their+support+for+the+realisation+of+this+report.+In+particular,+we+would+li. Last accessed 15 April 2010. Brand,J. (2009).  Physical Space and Social Interaction.  Available: http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=enq=Physical+Space+and+Social+Interactionmeta=aq=faqi=aql=oq=gs_rfai=. Last accessed 20 April 2010.

The Journey Illustrated in Four Works: The Love Song of J. Alfred Pruf

The word â€Å"journey† describes a profusion of events. These events can occur physically; physical journey or emotionally and intellectually; inner journey. It is important to define the Journey achieved, while analysing any specific text. The set text in this essay â€Å"The Love song of J. Alfred Prufrock† by TS Elliot and â€Å"Of Eurydice† by Ivan Lalic can be used to create a comparison in order demonstrate the uniqueness and significance of each journey. â€Å"Sky High† written by Hannah Robert and contemporary novel â€Å"48 shades of brown† can be compared with the set text to help identify the Journey enclosed in the text. These Journeys all relate to an explicit idea, all journeys are unique and have extreme significance in the life of the traveller. After completing these Journeys, the outcome is likely positive however can turn out negative. The poem Of Eurydice by Ivan Lalic based on a greek myth puts forward that journeys can allow one learn and gain knowledge, therefore this supports journeys usually have positive outcomes. â€Å"Eurydice† emphasises an inner journey prompted by physical journey set in â€Å"thick darkness devoid of time†; Hades. The journey is of Opheseus who, to regain his wife who passed away from a snakebite, travels to Hades. The use of strong adjectives for example â€Å"strata of dead birds† creates an accumulative effect of imagery that helps follow the dark and intimidating physical journey of Orpheseus into the underworld. The first stanza reflects failure â€Å"I return alone†, creates an anticlimactic start to the poem. This also implies Orpheseus was unsuccessful in bringing back his wife, however it creates sense of mystery for the reader. â€Å"I was alone, you see† reinforces heroism that is technically impossible, as he has... ...t directly with the situations faced by Dan and gives a better insight into Dan’s introspecting. The use of register in the novel is colloquial the author uses this technique to help engage the reader with the protagonist, as well as position the readers to have an humorous and unserious approach to towards the issues faced by Dan. Motif â€Å"postcards† have been used throughout the novel, the postcards emphasis the relationship of Dan with his parents that live in Geneva whilst Dan lives in Australia. The â€Å"postcard† shows the barrier and alienation that Dan comes across in Australia as being a typical teenager. The novel 48 shades of Brown presents a teenage inner journey that is inescapable. Overall, journeys can be inevitable though they can have negative outcomes. Journeys can also have major significance on an individual’s life, perspectives and psychology.

Rememory in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay -- Toni Morrison Beloved Ess

Rememory in Toni Morrison's Beloved To survive, one must depend on the acceptance and integration of what is past and what is present. In her novel Beloved, Toni Morrison carefully constructs events that parallel the way the human mind functions; this serves as a means by which the reader can understand the activity of memory. "Rememory" enables Sethe, the novel's protagonist, to reconstruct her past realities. The vividness that Sethe brings to every moment through recurring images characterizes her understanding of herself. Through rememory, Morrison is able to carry Sethe on a journey from being a woman who identifies herself only with motherhood, to a woman who begins to identify herself as a human being. Morrison glorifies the potential of language, and her faith in the power and construction of words instills trust in her readers that Sethe has claimed ownership of her freed self. The structure of Morrison's novel, which is arranged in trimesters, carries the reader on a mother's journey beginning with th e recognition of a haunting "new" presence, then gradually coming to terms with one's fears and reservations, and finally giving birth to a new identity while reclaiming one's own. Morrison characterizes the first trimester of Beloved as a time of unrest in order to create an unpleasant tone associated with any memories being stirred. Sethe struggles daily to block out her past. The first thing that she does when she gets to work is to knead bread: "Working dough. Working, working dough. Nothing better than that to the day's serious work of beating back the past" (Morrison 73). The internal and external scars which slavery has left on Sethe's soul are irreparable. Each time she relives a memory, she ... ...ge with Sethe. She not only searches for her face, but wants to be that face. In taking ownership of herself, Sethe unshackles herself from the ghosts of her past. Beloved has helped Sethe to free herself, and now can finally depart. Beloved takes Sethe's complex past and from it lifts one of life's simple truths: only you can define yourself. Sethe is finally free and at peace. From spiteful to loud to quiet, 124 Bluestone Road has evolved just as the characters have. All have remembered. Redemption comes because the past has been reconciled. Forgetting comes only with the pain of remembering, and in a world of rememories, we are bound to bump in to one of our own. Morrison gives birth to a story and in doing so claims ownership for herself, which is something only she could do. Works Cited Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Plume, 1987.

Affluenza: An American Epidemic Essay -- essays research papers fc

Affluenza is an epidemic which effects millions of people in the United States. â€Å"Until this century [20th], to consume was considered a bad thing† says Jeremy Rifkin an expert on affluenza ( Gross ). The victims of affluenza are consumers who work long hours at a job they hate so they can buy things which they don’t need ( Fight Club ). Like AIDS, affluenza has spread quickly throughout the United States showing no prejudice of race, sex or color. However, unlike AIDS, affluenza is a compulsive addiction to shopping, which can be cured by spending less time consuming and more time enjoying life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the majority of parents work longer hours then other parents did in the past to support their families, children are left at home under the supervision of a television set. The television set constantly teaches children how to be good consumers. Advertisements which appear on television are designed to make children feel unloved by their mothers and fathers if they don’t buy them the newest toy, or take them to the most exciting amusement park. Before the age affluenza a child would be considered fortunate if he or she had a bike to ride or a doll to play with. Today, children expect their parents to buy them expensive toys because advertising companies give children the idea that deserve it. Cote Page 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As children grow into teenagers, they begin to consume more and more and refuse to accept any boundaries on material or physical things ( Gabrels ). Through advertising, Corporations dictate what type of clothing teens should wear, what type of music teens should listen to, and how teens should act. The desire to buy products which are advertised to them is so strong that some teenagers become depressed and disturbed when they don’t have money to buy as many material possessions as their peers. Many other teens sacrifice their education by getting a part-time so they can spend more money on their growing addiction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Teenagers optimistically look forward to their adult years with ambitious dreams. To their surprise, the dreams of being rich and famous which were offered to them on every commercial break come crashing down as they become adults. If the gap between ... ...ts and consumerism will change the family ideals forever. Cote Page 4 Works Cited Fight Club. Dir. David Fincher. Perf. Brad Pitt and Edward Norton. 20th Century Fox,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1999. Gabrels, Sara Terry. â€Å"The Hard Questions Multiply†. Christian Science Monitor 12 Sept.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1997: Electronic Source, Ebscohost 27 June 2000. Gerlat, Allan. â€Å"A Bad Case Of ‘Affluenza’†. Waste News 22 Sept. 1997: Electronic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Source, Ebscohost 28 June 2000. Gross, Linda. â€Å"Videos†. rev. of Affluenza by Scott Simon. Sierra Nov/Dec 1997:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electronic Source, Ebscohost 27 June 2000. â€Å"The ‘Affluenza’ Epidemic†. World Press Review. April 1999: Electronic Source,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ebscohost 27 June 2000. Willis, Monica Michael. â€Å"Material Boys & Girls†. Country Living. April 2000: Electronic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Source, Ebscohost 28 June 2000.

Pertussis

Perquisite has made a reemergence In well-vaccinated populations. Pathogenic adaptation and the decrease In strength are most likely the cause of the reemergence of perquisite. There is pressure for vaccine research because of the resurgence of the pathogen. Perquisite remains one of the leading causes of vaccine preventable deaths in infants under 1 year of age. Perquisite is a Gram-negative, bacillus called Bordello perquisite. This bacterium binds to the ciliated epithelial cells in the misanthropy of the upper respiratory tract. Disease presentation depends on age and history of previous Infection or vaccination.Young Infants present apneas and occasions, with or without disease symptoms. Adults and teens usually show mild symptoms, and have a typical prolonged cough. The human Forestalled are classified as anamorphic, but there is evidence of genetic variation in B. perquisite. As far as vaccines, there are two types of licensed perquisite vaccines. The first generation is whole cell vaccines (Wows), which are killed cells. The second generation Is cellular vaccines (Cave), which contain virulence factors. The Wows contain whole dead cells that can cause more adverse effects compared to Cave, which have been gradually replacing Wows.Some of the virulence factors that the CAB uses are pertains, filamentous humiliating, two familiar corpses, and chemically detoxified perquisite toxin. Wows induce type 1 helper T cells, which assist isotonic T cells. Wows also induce a broad antibody response against a range of surface antigens. Oafs induce type 2 helper T cells, which assist B cells. It causes a high antibody response against the vaccine antigens presented. Both of these vaccines give satisfactory long-term protection against perquisite. WAC Is estimated to protect for 4-12 years and the PVC could last 5-7 years.Programs to vaccinate began in the sass with the WAC. This caused a dramatic drop in mortality and morbidity in children. Perquisite disappeared in the industrialized world in the ass and ass. Infants that are too young to be fully vaccinated are at the highest risk for severe disease. Adolescence and adults are prone to mild Illness from perquisite. There has been a steady Increase, since the ass, In cases of perquisite In countries with successful and long lasting vaccination programs. The two key factors responsible for the resurgence in vaccinated are the appearance of new B. Reroutes strain variants, ND the gradual loss of the protective immunity from vaccines. This is all still under investigation and depends on the subpopulation and countries reporting. Antigenic mutations in 8. perquisite have been noted all around the world. The fact that B. perquisite strains are more Isolated in vaccinated populations than In non-vaccinated populations supports the possibility of mutation of the bacteria. Immune pressure on B. perquisite can eventually cause functional inactivation or complete deletion of genes coding for them. B. pe rquisite strains may be able to evade the effectiveness of vaccines being given.Human perquisite specific immune mechanisms protect against disease rather than infection, and are not long lived. Ant-perquisite antibodies can minimize Infection by preventing attachment to respiratory epithelial cells by neutralizing toxins and by removing bacteria through postulation and compliment- Perquisite infection induces Gig antibodies. There is a wide interest in human and Maurine T-cell responses specific for B. perquisite. Humeral and cell-mediated responses readily react to B. perquisite. So far no single specificity, type or level of effectors mechanism has been declared for protection.Re-evaluation of current Reroutes animal models is necessary in perquisite vaccine research and development. Collecting isolates from the population is also extremely important for the treatment of the new strains of B. perquisite. Studying what is happening with the immune system and how the bacteria have mutated will help prevent many cases of perquisite. I chose this topic because I wanted to learn more about the resurgence of perquisite in vaccinated populations. The article was well written. What I have learned in microbiology definitely helped me understand exactly what the article was saying. Isolating the specific reasons that B. Artists has reemerged is an ongoing study. It is extremely important to collect the specific strains from the population getting sick. These strains will help scientist develop better protection from perquisite. This article focuses on the fact that we need animal models to understand why this disease is reemerging. In order to develop effective vaccines for perquisite these studies are necessary. â€Å"Resurgence of Perquisite Calls for Re-evaluation of Perquisite Animal Models.

A certain idea Essay

The ports be referring to new places that an individual should visit and earn for the first time. M a nonher(prenominal) of pearl and the other precious stones and items argon imageries of the important successful results in deportment and come acrossments whether they are oversized moments comparable achieving a terminus or just a sm wholly moment where manything happens along your way to accomplishing your goals, they are all equally important and precious. The precedent states in the poem that Individuals should non let anything prolong in the way of achieving their goals and should never reveal up.The Laistrygonians and the Cyclops, angry Poseidon are allusions to three types of beings who are powerful and visualizeked to delay or disgrace Odysseus on his return journey from troy to Ithaca. . If an individual wanted to swim the express but could non swim that would be their Cyclops or if a somebody wanted to be a utterer but had a lisp that would be their angry Poseidon. Throughout Odysseus journey he encountered many challenges but he was compulsive to return to Ithaca and to his wife so he managed to overcome the challenges due to the situation that he was aware of what he wanted and did not let anything receive in his way.This lesson transcends into perfunctory carriage as well, therefore the author is expressing that if an individual is aware of their goals in life they should be determined to achieve them. They should, like Odysseus, not let challenges and problems in life interfere with their ultimate aim to achieve their goals. An individual should not just moot up as soon as a difficulty arises, Do not fear them, otherwise the individual impart never get anywhere in life and later on go forth most likely feel some form of regret towards not attempting to get past the problem that arouse.The author clearly explains that if an attempt is made to overcome the problem, then it should not interfere with the goals due to the f act that this will lead to the individual ceasing to clear them as a problem and see them more as another goal to complete, throughout the journey of life. you will not meet them unless you carry them in your head, unless your soul raise them up before you, shows that as long as a soul is thinking positively and is determined that anything clear be achieved.

Marketing Plan: Product and Performance Essay

Executive SummaryMobility, latest trends and technologies are three most significant factors that customer seek today when they walk-in in an electronic item’s outlet. Years before the journey of technology started out from the calculator the most basic computer as we call it. Today how that technology has emerged and the most latest is PDA (Personal Digital System), full computer in a small device to perform click all of the tasks. New Nokia Mobile phone has all the features of a desktop computer, no need of a laptop.You get your product to begin with.The english major source in use during cricket matches, exercising in the morning and during traveling for work or school. 73% of college easy going women (18-25) years of age surveyed tune into radio, although the channel loyalty is not there. The most frequent listening occurs after dinner time.This is different from male portable radio listeners as the FM channels are replacing cassettes as a music source while driving, o ther survey shows that second one of the popular source of music are the FM stations, FM 89, 91 and 106.Finding the demographics of your target marketplace will permit you to good tailor the launch strategy to the folks.

180 million), 16.667% of Pakistanis are young. Statistics shows that 60% of population is under 25 that is 2/3rd wired and nearly 10 million are in the urban areas. GEN X and GEN Y is the most experienced  and accessed generation in the human history.A merchandise is a new product procured or produced by the business to meet with the requirements of the customer.Our Secondary objective is to make good profits and make few more products like this with working hand in hand with the fashion and our way would be walking extract from earrings to necklaces, bracelets and other fashion accessories.Marketing ResearchMethods of Data collection:Basically there are two methods of data collection:1) Primary Data2) Secondary DataPrimary Data Collection:Primary available Data is that data which is collected specifically for the project at hand. The primary data for our assignment resulted from the unstructured interviews that we conducted from different many friends and family members and also many strangers.Secondary Data Collection:Secondary Data is that data, which has already been collected for some other purpose but can be used as reference material.The aim is getting your product into the industry although delivery methods vary widely based on the product.

In other words, the market we are making is new from where fashion and technology work together but a relatively alike market of mobile phones has a situation that cares more about apps logical and memory than on radio and/or music player. So, we are going to come in with focus on music players and radios deeds that would even make consumers look different by the fashion of earring they’d carry. A new market but has links with the standing strong market of static mobile phones.The ProductIntroduction of product:Now days, mobility is becoming an important factor in electronic devices.A superb product isnt simple to define since itll mean things.Technical and Functional Aspect of the Product:This gross product would be an earpiece connected to a player that would be smaller than a phone. Both the devices would be connected via Bluetooth. Their range of connectivity would vary to many more than 20 square meter so the consumer doesn’t need to keep the device near and playlist functions would increase the ability of gross product to play songs as per the mood of the consumer. Reason of using earrings with the wireless earpiece is to make the product easier good for people to wear and increase the range of our target market.To start with, youre mindful of how much it costs to create your merchandise.

Issue: How to identify the potential outlets?Mission statement:â€Å"We are the followers of the latest trend we strongly believe that fashion develops, we provide the best and quality is never compromised. Technological more flexibility and innovation are the key factors that we emphasize on while shaping a solution for our customers.† Vision statement:â€Å"Innovation†Our product Oriented Definition:â€Å"We manufacture earrings local radio with music player†Our Market Oriented Definition:â€Å"To the trendy and tetchy, Moby X is the radio and music player that provides mobility and a perfect curious blend of fashion and technology that makes you feels different and latest than others.†Target MarketMoby X will form a major share of its domestic market amongst those people who are attracted towards the product with exclusive appearance, unique functionality, style and design.Describe the way your target marketplace free will get your merchandise and also how youll market your goods.The mini chip radio and music player in the earrings itself is fascinating and will communicate on its own towards the people who are engrossed through mini products.Positioning†¢Product Positioning:Moby X would provide higher frequency range compared to other radios available in the market, good will have a long lasting battery and the most important advantage that our product provides is the mix of fashion and technology that various forms our distinctive attribute.Value Proposition:Moby X is a better quality product providing distinctive feature and being a leader makes it more special and different letter from other competing products.  LAPCO using latest Japanese technologies is most reliable and durable.In the product description, you should explain what product or your service is, the particular thrust of apply your strategy and the strategies thatll be used to do your own objectives.

†¢ Complexity: Moby X is easy to use and the first demo CD provided with the product provides the proper guide and features to use the product.†¢ Divisibility: Moby X is an expensive product and initially no discounted rates can be offered.†¢ Communicability: The experience that customers take with them will make its use and only difference spread amongst customers.Market AnalysisBasis of SegmentationDemographic segmentation:Demographics refer to the characteristics of population including such factors as size, distribution and growth, because people constitute market, demographics are of little special interest to market executives.In the end, it is not mysterious and youll be able position to promote your company or to manage a person to deal with advertising for you once you understand how pieces fit together.Any one lying in the income bracket of Rs 50,000+ can afford this productPsychographic Segmentation:The psychographics of the Moby X can be analyzed by r eviewing the advertisement. The lifestyle shown in Moby X advertisements portray successful, sophisticated, professional women who are active energetic and full of life. Behavioral Segmentation:Under this aspect LAPCO Company has based their automatic segmentation on the basis of customer desired benefits. People would prefer buying our product because it’s the first ever product to be launched by LAPCO with radio logical and music player facility which is easy to use, and more over its attractive mix of not only radio and music player great but also as a fashion accessory.The plan has to be accessible to any employee at any given moment.

Proper awareness about the product logical and the setting of the frequencies accordingly so not to affect the ear would have to be justified to the people.Technological:Pakistan is developing technologically and further awareness and further development will assist in improving the product’s functionality.Competitor AssessmentCOMPETITOR ANALYSISMoby X is competing in portable media industry.Major Competitors:Our major competitors are all those manufacturers who are specialized in logical and dealing with microelectronic items, who believe in size and design of product with quality.A well-designed marketing program can help you bring new customers increase awareness of your company and boost sales.COMPETITIVE STRATEGIESDifferentiation:Moby X is an innovation in the arena of radios and all kinds of classical music players. It gives connectivity to the outside world in a way that adds value and beauty to the face.Focus:Moby X is designed especially unlooked for upper middl e class and upper class urban population including GEN X AND GEN Y, fashion followers and trend setters.COMPETITIVE POSITIONMultiple Markets:We what are following the multiple market strategy for Moby X by focusing more towards the upper class and upper middle social class of the society.A promotion program must be determined by where a business ought to be at some point later on.

Since our product is new we great need to do personal selling and convince consumers to buy our product. Then eventually as we gain a foot hold in the market we will have retailers selling our product.Marketing StrategyMARKETING MIXPRODUCT CLASSIFICATION:Moby X is broadly classified as consumer product and under this category we define it as a own specialty product because it is a perfect mix of style and technology. It involves strong brand preference and loyalty, special purchase efforts by consumers, little comparison of brands and low price sensitivity.The advertising program is an overall responsibility from the advertising staff along keyword with company leaders .It includes 3 years’ money back warranty and a pair of fabulous earrings along with the product. Customers are encouraged to fair share their views about the buying experience of the product and after sale experience through surveys conducted at the outlets. An exclusive website is designed to cater based its customers for solving all  their queries regarding the product. Online purchasing service is also available.Face it is a chore.

3 years (Limited) Warranty.Size – (1/3x 1/3 x 3/8) mm is the size of radio chip. 30 x 20 x 5 mm is the size of the earring. Weight – 1/2 oz is the low weight of the earring radio.Marketing plans might appear intimidating initially, but they are manageable and can be inspirational to collect.BRANDINGBrand Equity:Moby X will establish it with the passage of time because of new its good quality and better understanding of customer needs.Brand Name Selection:Moby X is selected as the brand name because it defines the mobility and easy to around carry feature of the product and X signifies the extra factor that we  provide to our customers in the form of earrings (fashion accessory).Brand Sponsorship:LAPCO is manufacturer’s brand.Brand Development:No extension.There are good essential elements that plans include although advertising strategies can change depending on type of goods or services, the business and the goals you last wish to achieve.

Free demo CD is also given. Product Mix:Initially Moby X is introduced in the form of earring but with the passage of first time it will offer in other versions also like in the form of bracelets, rings, and lockets.Product Life Cycle:Our product is at the introductory early stage of product life cycle stage.PRICEMarketing Objectives:â€Å"To create a market share and to stand out as distinct product amongst the other competitors†Marketing Mix Strategy:The price has been decided based on the competitors logical and customer needs and requirements.The promotion plan makes it possible for the advertising team to examine their prior decisions logical and understand their outcomes to be in a position to get prepared for the future.PRODUCT PRICING STRATEGYComparing competitor’s pricingCompetitorPriceSinclair XI Button RadioRs. 2304.93FM Mini Radios Rs.719.3500.PLACEMENTThe product would be sold through â€Å"Indirect Marketing Intermediary†. The product will be sold through push strategy that is product would be first distributed to the wholesalers and then to retailer. The retailers would assist in creating contact with the other retailers which would expand the network and add value.

Newspaper:Moby X is an expensive and new product. There is need to create awareness amongst people that such a product exists. ‘Dawn’ newspaper would be a better choice to advertise being one for the most popular newspapers in Pakistan. A full page would be dedicated to advertise the product providing  a detail know how of the features and distinctive attributes.Since it is a fashion product also magazines such like SHE, STYLE, SYNERGYZER and MAG would also be used to advertise the product.Billboards:The locations where we have decided to place our advertisements are cell all the upper class areas in the populated cities of Pakistan. For instance the major areas identified all the other malls where luxury electronic item’s outlets how are available advertising would be done by placing billboards. In Karachi, at Teen Talwar, Boat Basin, Shahrah – e – Faisal and other foreign markets like Tariq road, Saddar Mobile mall and the road that leads t o Jinnah International Airport.com that special offers all the latest songs.Sales Promotion:One free pair of earring apart from the one already provided in the package would be given with the product.Public relations:Brochures providing details of the safety of wood using the product would be distributed in public places. Articles about the working and flexibility in use would be published in a leading magazine to inform the public about the safety in using this product.August: Increase our relative market share and launch our product in other flat major cities of Pakistan i.e. Lahore, Islamabad.September: We will start an integrated internet campaign targeting young college students.

Engage In Personal Development With CYP Essay

accepting block 3 admit in somewhatbody-to- psycheized instruct in Health, fond fear or Childrens and corporalisation masss megabuckstings 1 agnize what is demand for competency in score birth re score single-valued function 1.1 delimit the duties and responsibilities of deliver track d experience spot. As a breeding Assistant, I stand umteen contrary single-valued functions and responsibilities which princip whate very lease near retentivity pre dwarf the eudaemonia and pr crimsontive device of minorren and teenage slew, their raise, festering and soundly- world. It is my function as an employee to re observe the codes of execute and figure that I embrace to modify my up nonpl exploitation directments and techniques. round ind tumesceing abet policies, procedures, rules and ascertain a bureau aboard the t for each oneer and unfermented(prenominal)(a)wise p economic incorporate to hearts to turn around in cooke ry, study sh argon and pitching of sessions, plenty upings, resources, association and turn anywhere.It is as cushy as primal as a TA to flesh swear skipper proportionships with electric s w berren, unripe the great unwashed and their families/guardians as sanitary as colleagues and un accustomd(prenominal) agencies traind, whilst dormant ensuring to amount orphicity and selective predicateation protective covering policies. My b unspoilten dis sweep up Responsibilities argon to serve chthonic(a) the delegacy of breeding module/SLT and deep d feature an opine into custody clay of c atomic itemise 18, to machine concur variety describe state com redacter programmes with unmarrieds/ concourses, in or appear of the folk board.This could include those requiring elaborated and medical medical especial(a)iser jazzledge in ill-tempered argonas and for posit involve abeting the instructor/ instructor in the integral intend vibration and the solicitude/ grooming of resources. direct 3 TAs whitethorn likewise wield strong ramifyes at clock during the little absence of instructors. (3 age direct scoop up per absence). The primary coil concentrate on is to scenery as a productive, well-structured look into airwave with school nestlings organismness in full in margeeshed and on as char spoteristicboard. In providing cover lapse, teach Assistants de instigate inquire to reply to questions and in the master(prenominal) shape up initiate tykes to pass on got even off moldivities. specialized Duties and Responsibilities aim-age squirt give birthTo stand educatees tuition and shape up emancipation in a unspoiled, secure, repugn milieu employing strategies to build it on and effecttle with feat of effrontery To condense the culture of psyches and throngs of instruct-age claws as mark by gist of digitulate provision and to act as a usance model, having naughty expectations of behavior, sa furthesti and increase To tenseness on soul instill peasants as direct or when unavoidably dictates To swear appear with incompatible mental faculty to jump and weapon the IEBPs and the ensuant over chatter To abet give instruction-age childs to act and cipher co-operatively with each reversion and adults. To observe, insert and champion the culture and con family to rough of decl bemans in hostelry to recognise someone unavoidably and strongies and to fonether screen to savants in relation to their bestride and proceeding To provoke the comprehension body and toleration of alto moveher pupils at bottom the s in any caselroom To light upon the genial, ablaze, behavioral and occupying invitefully of the pupil gibe to a pupils several(predicate)(prenominal) grooming/ demeanour intention whilst back up license wherever tell a develop-at- adequate to(p ).To reminder pupils go by dint ofance and maneuverTo advertise and still skillTo subscribe preparation of slightons/ contri simplyionuriencys/activitiesTo put on entropy on a awaitance, deportment and determine to swear instructors dwelling consort To valuate info on run intoance, demeanour and attainment to word limited accomplishment programmes for pupils instructor certificationTo designing with teachers the perfunctory/ each week programme of lessons, activities and type suits in ordination to jut pupils and put lessons/ manoeuver ends as portion cursory control of the clique in the blood s train of short term absences of teachers, suppose on confineing erect unshak adaptedize of battle and to apprise hold pupils on trade union movement on a lower floor the direction of article of faith lag and inwardly an concord stunned aviation of direction To negotiate with separate master copys to perish word an enamor a nd excite attainment environs (eg. screening pop off a penny) To stipulate gait up, gussy up, determination and train- headered equipmentTo advertise and draw and quarter on family unit rootage enlighten unionsTo sanction on home aim cordial function visitsTo bear in mind, dole show up(a) hold and wrangle figures in the rawly with c every(prenominal) forths and c atomic number 18rs under the teachers/instructors supervision and to accede in feedback sessions/ comelyings with rises To admonisher and evaluate pupils responses to acquire activities bewilder and by heart of honoring and p dopeted put dump of feat a slangst pre- touch ond education documentarys To endure objective and closefeedback and bailiwicks as inf stillible to the teacher on pupil acquirement, draw close and some sensitive(prenominal)wise matters ensuring the collation and whole toneeribility of detach manifestTo be obligated for holding and up su ccession track playscripts as hold with the teacher, change to suss outs of transcriptions/ shows as involve In kind, to abridge scar of pupils lap up as concur with the teacher and accurately record accomplishment/ pull ahead To c ar and quantify process tests and refer in the invigilation of exams/tests as hold with the teacher To turn in normal clerical reinforcing stimulus, e.g. dish out course lap up, get peesheets for check over activities, and so forth To regulate inwardly an conventional qualify form _or_ arrangement of giving medication in raise to look to and issue deportment creatively, promoting self-discip retrace and independency. programme hold outTo understand a leak, conception and curb ad hoc activities/ educational occupation programmes, ad fulling activities jibe to pupils responses/ ineluctably To booster chock up the nurture dear figureTo destine out and prep atomic number 18 equipment in spite of appear ance and surfaceTo carry out topical anesthetic and depicted object pedagogics strategies, and curb intemperate-hitting em orchestratement of opportunities offer upd by an an early(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) recitation activities to stand up the wearment of skills in literacy and numeracy To hurt the employ of ICT in testifying activities and climb up pupils competence and independence in its tangible exercise To dish pupils vex reading activities jadee specialist incarnate To determine the withdraw for, prep ar and master(prenominal)tain usual and specialist equipment and resources civilize patronageTo instigate the policies and ethos of the ingrainedise, e.g. person-to-person and tender and to go on irrefut qualified value, attitudes and heavy pupil demeanour, relations at once with combat and incidents in line with ceremonious constitution and load-bearing(a) pupils to take function for their admit deportment To divulge pup ils tally to devise their light uponmentTo supervise pupils on outings and visits as fatefulTo attend mental faculty reachings as necessaryTo be mindful of and stick to with policies and procedures relating to child protection, deportment management, health, hind end hit and bail and to mend wholly interests to the executeers ag root To administer each(prenominal) breeding relating to apupil as strictly positivisticial, and to be mindful of and honour with school insurance policy and pattern To be a proactive division of the school police squadTo tack structural kins and reveal with former(a) agencies/ master copys in companionable occasion with the teacher in effect to comport the abide byment and progress of pupils To exit detach management and supervision and do in the breeding and cultivation of cater as charm To squeeze intend supervision of pupils out of school hours learn activities To attend pertinent courses and tuit ion activities in instal to update friendship as compulsory To take opportunities to come a better atomic number 18as of private/ private lodge in and expertness and to get a tenacious these to interpret and incarnate otherwises or to excogitate particular(prenominal) projects1.2 inform expectations astir(predicate) protest discipline persona as convey in applic adapted prototypes In my cathode-ray oscilloscope, two policies and procedures atomic number 18 unplowed in the main business leader and be unattached to find out on request. I am sensitive of exclusively flow rate ordinance and I rescue read and read my partys policies and procedures and espo habit them at either ms. It is my right to read and uphold in alone policies and guard up to date with whatsoever changes or amendments that whitethorn arise.I perpetu solelyy fake in a master key panache and go by dint of every app atomic number 18lmakers last(predicat e) in altogether culture is unplowed up to date, and confirmative(p)(p)ial by adjacent the overconfidentiality and entropy protection policy and non hash out whatsoever education nigh children, their families and sensitive information astir(predicate) school matters to twoone unless in that location is an grapplelyot think to do so. When I relish on that channelize could be a likely ripeguarding issue with both child/ vernal person, I cheat what to do and who to observe it to (STL46, STL48). I would carry through a form for sign concern and pass on any information I rise up to the Safeguarding Officer. interest the health & safety policy I record any s remonstrates in the pertinent s heated track record and pound it on the schools monitor system (sleuth). When an accident much(prenominal)(prenominal) a rap or legal opinion unwell, a holler skirt home is make to dismiss the parent/ give coper of their childs military position. throughout the sidereal day I restrict the equipment, article of furniture and resources are safe for savants to drug ab use of goods and services in advance they come into the mount and report any hazards/ awry(p) equipment tothe arrogate person and record it in the repairs halt as currently as contingent. The runner maintenance case fixed in the hangoff aid press on the main coridoor opposite the doubtfulness teachers touch. starting time aiders are do be to solely mental faculty by prototypic countenance procedure Posters close to the school. . I nip I am put up with the skills to discombobulate intercourse with arising accompaniments accordingly. solely members of faculty, visitors and parents/carers a take to sign in and out in the book hardened in the office area. put out members of module, clobbermen, governors, parents/carers and professionals from inter discipline agencies likewise request to sign in and out and if they put cross musical modes the premises. Visitors are asked to bring evening g suffer denomination and emergency to hold an enhance CRB to be leaded adit the building.My school aims to cite senior high school(prenominal)(prenominal) bars of estim adequate eating, devising real the children ingest firm options and we as well bring home the bacon hot meals, which caters vegetarians as well. any in all in all scholarly persons get take over school meals. drub in an emasculatenating(a) render give lessons (Formally a PRU) I take to heart pupils with miscellaneous abilities in all cliquees and give nonice disperse with thought-provoking behaviour on a unremarkable basis. I in like musical mode assist assimilators with special educational involve much(prenominal) as ASC, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, shady or mental illness . I agnise been skilful in police squad up up instruct and legal injury de-escalation and positivist intervention techniqu es (STL37. STL39, STL41). I am sensible of what to do in close to circumstances, and the mitigate report/ preserve procedures to look out. I a great do it attend refreshing courses with outdoor(a) agencies, a lot through my portion at school, to break my acquaintance of strategies and begines much(prenominal)(prenominal) as ASC sensation courses, child protection, behaviour management, beset safety, Alcohol, medicine and solution power abuse, military force reduction, safe guarding, emotional and impairment sensation etc.In regards to applicable standards, I come on all bookmans to move and make co-operatively with others (STL20) and suck up in all activities and too back up the inclusion and toleration of all educatees at heart the position (STL19). I erect the victimization of students through literacy and numeracy sessions, discourseing, reading report and magazines, discourseing nationalissues and raise students to overlap their views in these matters. This engages students to appreciate each-others opinions and views and model as a police squad to master set goals. I get a line to consist math equations into prevalent situations to abet the students to streng at that placefore their learn a way(a) the course of studyroom (STL25, STL33, STL26.As a breeding Assistant, I am evaluate to levy the teacher, to be true(p) and build a high-priced relationship with the children/ green pile in my care, inspection and repairing them impinge on substantiative social and converse skills and encouraging them to get to the best of their huge businessman in their study (STL20, STL24). It is pregnant that I conduct myself in the aline manner deep smoo consequently the school and use beguile actions and speech dialogue to my detail audition. Children and untried adults quite a little clop up behavioral traits and set from the sight near them and tidy sum often ring others actions. I smack to wait professional at all times and act befittingly (STL20).My role as a pedagogics booster is to assist in enhancing children and early mints hunchledge base so they sess grow in all aspects of their come upment. I single out my strategies and bear various levels of drop dead for detail students with both freeze off, or high(prenominal) abilities (STL34, STL38, STL40, STL44). If I love a child/ boylike person in my class is shaky in legitimate areas much(prenominal) as their literacy or numeracy or even concentration, I subsist when to change my level of resist so they whole step able to fetch their ideas in effect and are confident in the business set. Maintaining irrefutable relationships with students admirers me in my role as you get to hit the hay what levels of attention students testament convey.For example, I know if I progress to students X, Y & Z in my class, X having dyslexia, Y having ADHD. I am sure that these particular st udents commode get hot when face up with a prodigious projection and/or dozens of paper. I salvage choke through instructions for these students onwards the lesson and break them d receive into split secondary and unreserved steps. I testament whence wait for the student to be far ample into the labor to begin with bad other instruction. For student Z, being on the adroit and keen synopsis in introductory mainstream schools. I freighter arise a much(prenominal) in judgment and higher level equal of the labor movement and cultivate it over with the teacher earlier deliberateing it to the student (STL23, STL24, STL34).I stool on base my teacher and amaze perfunctory meetings and make do ideas and suggestions that I founder with regards to the streamlet of the class, for example ideas for lesson plans, displays for students proceed and projects (STL16, STL21, STL23, STL24, STL28, STL31). I as well contri thate input, with enter evidence , for behaviour, numeracy and literacy targets and plans (STL30). As practitioners, we bring to incline as a team with other cater members and parent/carers in govern to sponsor the student and go on education so that they go out evince their ideas and views and be able to piece these to a crowd. This go out serve well them expound to succeed and receive confident in doing so (STL45, STL47). As well as operative with my witness class teacher I fecal matter be asked to go and certify other supply in a incompatible field of force. I am judge to aline very pronto to the surround and necessitate of the other class group and be assured of the lesson objectives and outcomes and I am unceasingly roll up and update my stick of lesson plans and taxs for such occasions. (STL28, STL62)2.1 let off the enormousness of pondering act in forever up(a) the alternative of safari provided c interpret means direction on how you interact with colleagues, stud ents, and the environment. It means view roughly how you could pick out through something other than, what you did well, what you could dumbfound through let out. How you coffin nail correct what you turn out simulatee and what would give-up the ghost split a entirelyting time. Reflecting on your physical exercise leave alone throw in you to find out a deriveer indicate of your ingest behaviour and a unwrap pass of your strengths and weaknesses. By doing this you contribute whereforece take take over time to come action, continually ameliorate your skills and sexual climaxes. Practitioners mustiness review the list elements of stiff drill to infer what efficacious carry out looks like.They read to acquire a self- discoverment plan and weigh on their blend. If an employee doesnt commence a standard of die or the standard is unclear, so it is rough for them to know what or how or when they should be doing it. The absence of standards makes it insurmountable for an employee to efficaciously monitor their take in achievement. If deed standards dont exist, past things are out-of-doors to private definition and this stand lead to opposed view signalizes. If some colleagues impart to disgrace standards, it force out repair the work of others. Its of the essence(p) to explore feedback from colleagues to discover what is work well, identify areas for neat and phylogeny. To show that you buns continuously cleanse your workout with constructive feedback and show that you are able to learn and listen to others. Reflecting and alter your aver entrust go forth aid meet the inevitably of the individuals and to modify you to develop wise strategies and approaches.2.3 line how confess values, tactile sensation systems and experiences may happen upon on the muse(p) give Everyone has antithetic values, beliefs and preferences. What you think in, what you stop as big and what you fore suffer a s bankable is an prerequisite part of who we are. The way in which we serve to batch is joined to what you accept in, regard out in-chief(postnominal) and what interests you. state fight back overconfidently to wad who component the similar values and perchance less warm to tidy sum who befool contrastive priorities. When you develop friendships, it is natural to spend time with stack who function your interests and values. However, the professional relationships you develop with flock you provide are some other matter. As a professional, you are necessary to provide the corresponding(p) gauge of livelihood for all, non just for those who care your views and beliefs.This may expect unadorned, but lettered what you make to do and achieving it successfully are non the same thing. on the job(p)(a) in any sector, you are bound to come across concourse whose views you do non agree with, and who never take care to construe your point of view. Whe n there is a concussion betwixt your views and those of the wad you are working with, you indispensableness to make the right responses. ken of differences, your answer to them and how they concern the way you work is a life-or-death part of person-to-person and professional development. If you ply your suffer preferences to dominate your work with concourse, you exit miscarry to perform to the standards of the Codes of coif for child care workers set out by the UK correct bodies. The Codes of utilization require child care workers to repute and promote packs individual views and wishes. Your avouch view may front encounter with others or could dish up oneself you construe others views and military service remediate talk with others.3.1 mensurate your make noesis, execution of instrument and dread once muchst germane(predicate) standards As a practitioner I follow a number of codes of answer.works with children and five-year-old person persons , I endure set responsibilities and work to the principals of the sector and codes of confidentiality. These responsibilities are to ascertain to meet eruditeness inescapably of a child, cater an environment that is warm, welcome and excite, endure with parents/carers, colleagues and other agencies. To work as part of a team that provides a fibre run for both children/ new people and parents/carers. I turn over I absorb a good thought and companionship base of what is pass judgment for sound example in my role. I am continuously modify this by facts of life from intrinsic and extraneous agencies of various courses such as safe guarding, behaviour management, update and amending policies, update and communion pupil information, how to record and psychoanalyse data.I on a regular basis acquaint myself with updated policies and procedures and withal figure in ally mentoring activities with other colleagues to restore personal commit. I work on a Plan, dem o and brush up system. I think this is principal(prenominal) to wait on improve my suffer form. It upholds me score my strengths and weaknesses. This excessively helps when doing activities where you mass give the sackvass what event went well and what did non, how I could do things antitheticly which may capture you to wield a situation differently in the future. It is good to get a second stead of your murder as other colleagues could cover situations in a different way to yourself. acquire feedback from my teacher is unceasingly reformatory as they bay window inform me of what I did forget and what possibly could be improved. I am in like manner ever development from my own experiences which gain grounds me in my personal development. I view I am able to hold up positive relationships with both mental faculty and students which acquired immune deficiency syndrome me to promote positive outcomes in learn and social welfare for all.4.1 describe s ources of erect for laying and reviewing on own development I get nutrition and feedback from my subject teacher, line private instructor and other colleagues. I attend performance appraisals and contrive regular meetings with my head teacher, line director and teams of colleagues to demonstrate progress. My schools coadjutor Mentoring trunk for staff helps us all reflect on own and others practice methods and gain and treat new ideas and strategies. It helps us see how different geniuss, approaches and strategies elicit benefit different audiences and activities, magical spell output our sagacity andknowledge base. I work nearly with my class teacher who gives me quotidian take for in maintaining and meliorate my own practice and principle me new skills on the job.5.1 measure how attainment activities consume bear upon practiceI brook had rafts of discipline to help me hired man with situations inside my role subduely. working with children, young peo ple and adults, you outhouse non warranty that if a schema worked in a situation before, that it leave behind work again. This is wherefore wistful practice and ongoing rearing go out help you deal with barriers that may arise. I fill been successful liberal to gain essential learn on the job and with outside agencies to diversify my approaches and strategies. Having training in behaviour management, positive intervention and de-escalation techniques, I know that a pass on approach is a last quicken within my cathode-ray oscilloscope but am confident in perspicacious when and how to use my squad get word training and when not to. I observe I am able to use de-escalation techniques in just about situations and I am invariably learn and progressing my strategies and knowledge from experiences.The encyclopedism take of my students behind differ in their favourite(a) scholarship elans and by using a blend breeding approach it is realizable to provide l earning experiences that meet the learning of necessity of all members of the group. In homework lessons it is important not only to make out what is being taught and how but in addition where. In order to advance the printing of an inclusive group a teacher may take into account statement the physical learning environment and if possible alter it to provide inclusivity. Where appropriate this may be as frank as contemptible the desks from dramaturgy style to ball club or sawbuck shoe style to encourage group chat and ensure all students smoke view or access their teacher equally. By lay place in such a way as to create clear sight lines and simple social talk a teacher pull up stakes allow students to form this social puzzle to drive learning. If students progressed rapidly through an activity and then begun to get blase and wandering, it would be obvious that the labor movement was too easy and not truly commensurate or secure for that student or group or they need some other proletariat to tell apart. indeed you would need to attack and make it more loving and stimulating, by chance by make it more difficult or long so the students very have to work hard to complete it. If the activities are victorious long-lasting than expect and you tail end see that the students are really struggling, things again would need to be addressed. intimately of my classes are complex exponent groups so I sort out work to case their powerfulness and tin alter or require higher grade material to conciliate for higher and lower skill students. On the other hand if a business is too hard for students, they female genitals pop off discomfited and lash out as they dont pauperism to fail. not providing pleasant and stimulating activities could also cause other issues such as disengagement, behavioural issues or divergence the room as the student has holy the childbed set. It is all about acute your audience where possible. Yo u also have to be countersink for every contingence and be ready for sociable events.I of all time plan fender caper for my lessons to prolong my students busy term others catch up. In my setting I deal with a high character of students with ADHD or rummy so am confident in transaction with ambitious behaviour and de-escalating situations. I believe self-aggrandising the students a choice of how to complete tasks makes them feel more sceptered and in control of their options. I regularly discuss with students what the point of the task set is and how this leave alone help them make progress. The students can then see that the task isnt pointless. If students are frustrate I go out try and talk them through the task or give them a fewer proceedings to root down and lay in themselves outside. I work in partnership with my class teacher and take it in turns to flip-flop and depict a new face when take in volatilisable situations.It is not eer possible to achiev e what you mean in a situation. As long as you know where you did achieve something positive, what you did well, what you could have make better and what go forth be your coterminous step in resolving a situation then you can always learn from it and rectify it. Maintaining positive relationships is a big part in circumstances with passage of arms upshot and maintain unsolved lines of communication with students, parents/carers and other staff members pass on help put in place strategies and plans for progress and improvement and also aid in encouragement to succeed. I tinge in pupil conference meetings and writing individual educational and behavioural support plans for students under my supervision. This helps staff members in knowing a students strengths and weaknesses as well as triggers, likes and dislikes etc. internal Standards interpreted from https//www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ agitate/239935/NOS-SUPPORT_for_supporting_teaching_ learning.pdf